UN ETEROCLITO BABUINO: On Giordano Bruno's Candelaio and the Infinitization of the Sexes.

Giordano Bruno (Nola 1548 - Rome 1600) published in 1582 Candelaio, a comedy that anticipates the core arguments he developed in the six dialogs written in volgare during the philosopher's stay in England (1583-1585). In the comedy, the term candelaio (candlebearer) is deployed not only as a trope for light and illumination, but also as a slang designation for sodomite. Thus, sexual dissident Bonifacio, the tragicomic personage to which the title refers, brings to light the mostly unavowed or denigrated, albeit ineradicable complexities of every sexual individuality. In this framework, the personality, lifestyle, and views of disruptive Bonifacio/Candelaio serve as narrative support for a critical stance aiming at undoing the validity claims of the man/woman dichotomy. At the antipodes of the finitization of sexuality fostered by Christian creationism, Bruno's sexual approach is framed within a conception of "natura naturante," the all-pervasive, inexhaustible and animating power, which enables the emergence of utterly diversified beings throughout the infinitude of the existing worlds. Having dismantled the epistemic pretentions of sexual binarity and its possible closed supplementations, Bruno effectively frees Bonifacio's sexual heteroclisis from the stigma of unnaturalness. Notwithstanding the trailblazing traits of Bruno's sexual thought and its ontological framework, Brunian scholarship to the present has ignored that the philosopher from Nola posed the arguably most profound and consistent challenge to binary sexuality and its finite suppletions in pre-Darwinian Modernity. In view of the critiques of patriarchy and anti-feminism that began to develop at the turn to the twentieth century, it is striking that no systematic effort has been undertaken to relate Bruno's principled reversion of the form/matter hierarchy to his advocacy for the axiological restauration of femaleness in the masculinist-centered culture of the West. In accordance with Bruno's explicit design to "turn upside down the reversed world," his philosophy seeks to reveal the endless profusion of sexual forms not as creations of an omnipotent paternal figure, but as emergences from an inexhaustible source, which he signally terms "the maternal womb of Nature."

'Nobody taught her how to be a mother': The lived experience of mothering without a mother.

Maternal grandmothers play a vital role in the transition to motherhood for their own daughters. The current study adds to this literature by investigating the lived experience of motherhood for women who lacked a meaningful relationship with their mothers. Ten mothers of children under 2 years of age participated in a semi-structured interview to explore their lived experiences of being a mother. Women were recruited from two parent-infant services in Northern Ireland. The interviews were analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Three superordinate themes were identified: 'The Birth of a Mother', 'Mourning and Loss' and 'Ghosts in the Nursery'. The first theme captured the significant change of identity women experienced during their transition to motherhood. This identity change shed new light on their own experience of being mothered. The second theme captured the mourning and loss these women felt due to their relationship with their mother. Their lack of meaningful maternal relationships have left a hole impossible to fill. The final theme spoke to the intergenerational element of these mother's experience and their desire to break a cycle of maternal deprivation. The rich content from the interviews highlights the need for services to be aware of this struggle of motherhood.

Las abuelas maternas juegan un papel vital en la transición a la maternidad para sus propias hijas. El presente estudio contribuye a este campo de conocimientos escritos por medio de investigar la experiencia de maternidad vividas por mujeres a quienes les hace falta una significativa relación con sus madres. Diez madres de niños menores de dos años de edad participaron en una entrevista semiestructurada para explorar sus vividas experiencias de ser madre. A las mujeres se les reclutó de dos servicios progenitor-infante en Irlanda del Norte. Se analizaron las entrevistas usando el Análisis Fenomenológico Interpretativo (IPA). Se identificaron tres temas de nivel superior: 'El Nacimiento de una Madre,' 'Lamento y Pérdida' y 'Fantasmas en el Cuarto de la Niña.' El primer tema captó el significativo cambio de identidad que las mujeres experimentan durante su transición a la maternidad. El cambio de identidad arrojó una nueva luz en sus propias experiencias de ser criadas por una madre. El segundo tema captó la lamentación y la pérdida que estas mujeres sentían debido a su relación con sus madres. La falta de significativas relaciones maternas ha dejado un vacío imposible de llenar. El tema final tuvo que ver que el elemento intergeneracional de la experiencia de estas madres y su deseo de romper un ciclo de privación materna. El rico contenido de las entrevistas enfatiza la necesidad de servicios para estar conscientes de esta lucha sobre la maternidad.

Les grands-mères maternelles jouent un rôle vital dans la transition à la maternité de leurs propres filles. Cette étude s'ajoute aux recherches précédentes en enquêtant sur l'expérience vécue de la maternité pour les femmes n'ayant pas eu une relation importante avec leurs mères. Dix mères d'enfant de moins de deux ans ont participé à un entretien semi structuré afin d'explorer leurs expériences vécues du fait d'être maman. Ces femmes ont été recrutées dans deux services parent-bébé en Irlande du Nord. Ces entretiens ont été analysés en utilisant l'Analyse Interprétive Phénoménologique (en anglais Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, soit IPA). Trois thèmes supérieurs ont été identifiés: 'La Naissance d'une Mère', "Deuil et Perte' et 'Fantômes dans la Chambre d'enfant'. Le premier thème a capture le changement d'identité important que les femmes ont vécu durant leurs transitions à la maternité. Ce changement d'identité a apporté un éclairage nouveau sur leur propre expérience d'avoir été maternées. Le second thème a capturé le deuil et la perte que ces femmes ont ressentis du fait de leur lien à leur mère. Leur manque de relations maternelles importantes a laissé un trou impossible à remplir. Le dernier thème fait référence à l'élément intergénérationnel de l'expérience de ces mères et leur désir de casser un cycle de privation maternelle. Ce contenu riche émanant des entretiens met en lumière la prise de connaissance nécessaire de ces difficultés de la maternité dont doivent faire preuve les services.

The association between sleep deprivation and arterial pressure variations: a systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Arterial hypertension is a cardiovascular disease defined as a sustained high blood pressure, constituting an important risk factor for the development of heart diseases, such as coronary heart disease and heart failure. At the same time, pathophysiological pathways underlying sleeping deprivation provides biological plausibility for a causation connection between sleep deprivation and acute or chronic blood pressure elevation, such as the mechanism behind blood pressure dipping at night, which strongly relies on reduced sympathetic activity provided by sleep, besides empirical and clinical evidence suggesting that sleep disorders incidence is correlate with posterior development of arterial hypertension. The aim of this study was to systematically review published studies analyzing the possible relationship between sleep deprivation and variations in blood pressure during nighttime and daytime. METHODS: The research was carried out in the second semester of 2020 following the PRISMA model and using the LILACS, MEDLINE and COCHRANE (CENTRAL) databases. The keywords used were associated using the Boolean method. Only trials and studies in humans unrelated to sleep apnea were included, in an attempt to answer the question proposed. Duplications and articles outside the topic were excluded. RESULTS: After the selection processes, fourteen studies were left, which were classified, depending on the findings, in four categories: 1) blood pressure differences only in sleep deprivation's night; 2) blood pressure differences only in the following day after sleep deprivation's night; 3) blood pressure differences in both nights and 4) those that found no blood pressure differences. CONCLUSION: It was found an increase in blood pressure on the night of sleep deprivation, suggesting a possible causality with an acute increase in blood pressure depending on the population studied. In general, sleep deprivation is acutely associated with blood pressure elevation or acute elevation of markers that suggest the role of compensatory mechanisms, such as increased natriuresis and increased parasympathetic activity.

[Diagnostic strategy for hypersomnolence disorders]. / Orientation diagnostique devant une plainte d'hypersomnolence.

Sleepiness concerns one in five French people and involves a severe accidental risk. The recent notion of hypersomnolence includes excessive daytime sleepiness and the excessive need for sleep. The diagnostic approach to hypersomnolence begins with a clinical exploration by interview and sleep diary in order to specify the symptoms, to compare them with the typology and the patient's individual sleep need to rule out chronic sleep deprivation and a circadian rhythm disorder. In case of poor quality of sleep (or dyssomnia) associated, one must investigate for sleep apnea syndrome or restless legs syndrome with periodic legs movements. Secondary causes include mental or somatic diseases or a toxic origin. The diagnosis of central hypersomnia can be suspected on the characteristics of hypersomnolence or at the end of the diagnostic process. It will require ruling out the most frequent causes of hypersomnolence and the confounding factors for polysomnography interpretation. The causes and consequences associated with hypersomnolence require early detection, precise diagnosis and comprehensive management.

EatLOCAL: a platform that connects local farmers, consumers, municipalities and non-governmental organisations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to public health and supply chain systems around the globe. Local farmers businesses were impacted by the lockdowns and they still face difficulties in commercializing their production while requests for social, economic and food support pile up at municipalities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Meanwhile, working from home, constraints to workout, business and social life, are impacting citizens' work-life balance, eating habits and impacting populations' physical and mental health globally. EatLOCAL proposes to address this issue by providing a service that is supported in an innovative digital platform that strengthens connections between suppliers, consumers, municipalities and NGOs working on food privation issues. Besides maximizing the opportunities for business to local farmers, this platform also creates a facilitated channel that promotes de access to fresh food by citizens and minimizes the social impact of the pandemic in most vulnerable groups.

The impact of socioeconomic deprivation on congenital hand differences: A retrospective cohort study.

Socioeconomic deprivation is an established risk factor for a range of adverse perinatal and infant outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate any association between socioeconomic deprivation and the prevalence of Congenital Hand Differences (CHDs). This retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken at a single tertiary referral center over a five year period (March 2015 to February 2020). The inclusion criterion was all patients referred for a review at a CHD clinic. As a measure of socioeconomic status, patients were assigned to a deprivation quintile using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD): quintile 1 indicates the most deprived area and quintile 5 indicates the least deprived area. CHDs were classified according to the Oberg-Manske-Tonkin (OMT) Classification. During the study period 259 patients were identified. The overall prevalence of CHD was 15 per 100,000 per year, mean referral age was 2.6 years (Standard Deviation: 4 years) and 135 patients (52%) were female. Areas of greater social deprivation had a significantly higher prevalence of CHD (22 per 100,000 per year in quintile 1 vs. 13 per 100,000 per year in quintile 5; p < 0.001), surgery (75% of patients in quintile 1 vs 43% of patients in quintile 5; p = 0.003), and younger referral age (1.5 years in quintile 1 vs 4.4 years in quintile 5; p = 0.003). This study has shown a greater CHD prevalence rate amongst patients from more socially deprived areas. In the most deprived group, the patient referral age was also significantly younger and surgical intervention rate was higher.

A falta no Império da reivindicação / Le manque dans l'empire de la revendication / The lack in the claim's empire

Resumo: A psicanálise sustenta a falta como estrutural e essencial ao processo de subjetivação e à constituição do laço social. Tal postulação está presente ao longo de toda obra de Freud, bem como na de Lacan, o qual avança postulando três modalidades da falta: privação, frustração e castração. Da fundação da psicanálise aos dias atuais, porém, os contextos sociais se modificaram e autores de diversos campos da ciência vêm apontando um movimento dos sujeitos de rechaço à falta e nomeando-os como narcisistas. Tais autores, porém, talvez pela falta de um conhecimento rigoroso da teoria psicanalítica, não se aprofundam no esclarecimento de que registro da falta tratam e como de fato isso tem efeitos no campo da subjetivação. É, portanto, a esta investigação que nos dedicaremos neste artigo através de uma revisão bibliográfica de autores clássicos e contemporâneos da psicanálise. Veremos que o sujeito contemporâneo desmente a privação e, com isso, não avança consistentemente ao campo da castração, recuando e fixando-se na frustração, de modo que o narcisismo apontado por autores sociais se refere a um movimento defensivo de rejeição da condição subjetiva de falta-a-ser, a qual, porém, por estar inerentemente posta, gera efeitos de ressentimento

Le manque dans l'empire de la revendication: La psychanalyse soutient le manque comme structurel et essentiel au processus de subjectivation et à la constitution du lien social. Une telle postulation est présente tout au long de l'œuvre de Freud, ainsi que chez Lacan, qui avance en postulant trois modalités du manque : la privation, la frustration et la castration. Depuis la fondation de la psychanalyse jusqu'à nos jours, cependant, les contextes sociaux ont changé et les auteurs de différents domaines de la science ont résulté d'un mouvement de rejet du manque et de les nommer narcissiques. De tels auteurs, cependant, peut-être en raison du manque de connaissances rigoureuses de la théorie psychanalytique, n'entrent pas en profondeur dans la clarification de quel dossier de manque ils traitent et comment il a réellement des effets dans le domaine de la subjectivation. C'est donc à cette enquête que nous nous consacrerons dans cet article à travers une revue bibliographique des auteurs classiques et contemporains de la psychanalyse. Nous verrons que le sujet contemporain nie la privation et, par conséquent, n'avance pas systématiquement sur le terrain de la castration, reculant et se fixant sur la frustration, de sorte que le narcissisme pointé par les auteurs sociaux renvoie à un mouvement défensif de rejet de la condition de manque. -à-être, qui, cependant, parce qu'il est intrinsèquement fixé, génère des effets de ressentiment.

The lack in the claim's empire: Psychoanalysis supports the lack as structural and essential to the process of subjectivation and the constitution of the social bond. Such postulation is present throughout Freud's work, as well as in Lacan's, who advances postulating three modalities of lack: deprivation, frustration and castration. From the foundation of psychoanalysis to the present day, however, social contexts have changed and authors from different fields of science have resulted from a movement of rejecting the lack and naming them as narcissists. Such authors, however, perhaps due to the lack of a rigorous knowledge of psychoanalytic theory, do not go deep into clarifying what record of lack they deal with and how it actually has effects in the field of subjectivation. It is, therefore, to this investigation that we will dedicate ourselves in this article through a bibliographical review of classic and contemporary authors of psychoanalysis. We will see that the contemporary subject denies deprivation and, therefore, does not consistently advance to the field of castration, retreating and fixating on frustration, so that the narcissism pointed out by social authors refers to a defensive movement of rejection of the lack condition. -to-be, which, however, because it is inherently set, generates resentment effects.

[Sleep characteristics of a population of patients seeking bariatric surgery]. / Caractéristiques du sommeil dans une population de patients candidats à une chirurgie bariatrique.

INTRODUCTION: Investigation for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is mandatory before bariatric surgery. Data regarding chronic insomnia and chronic sleep deprivation are scarce in this population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study assessing the prevalence of chronic insomnia, OSAS and chronic sleep privation in an obese population referred for bariatric surgery. RESULTS: In all, 88 patients (74% women, median age 41 [33.5-50] years and median body mass index 42 [39.2-45.7] kg/m2) were included. The prevalence of chronic insomnia was 31% in the 87% suffering from OSAS that required continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) were found in 27% of our population. Chronic insomnia was associated with a lower quality of life (median EQ5D analogue visual scale: 60 [50-70] P=0.04) and a poor sleep quality (median Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI): 8 (6-11 P<0.01) The deleterious combination of sleep privation and insomnia had a higher impact in terms of impairment of quality of life and sleep quality (median EQ5D analogue visual scale: 50 [40-65] P=0.02 et median PSQI: 11 [9-14, P<0.01) CONCLUSION: Chronic insomnia and sleep privation have synergistic deleterious effects in candidates for bariatric surgery. Further studies need to be conducted to evaluate the evolution after surgery.

Impairments in glycaemic control do not increase linearly with repeated nights of sleep restriction in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial.

Evidence suggests reduced glycaemic control following sleep restriction in healthy individuals. However, it remains unknown if impairments in glycaemic control increase with each additional night of sleep restriction in a linear manner. This randomised crossover study aimed to determine if the impairment in glycaemic control increases with each additional night of sleep restriction. Ten healthy individuals underwent 4 nights of control sleep (8 hours in bed) and 4 nights of sleep restriction (4 hours in bed) in a sleep laboratory. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted each morning. Serum glucose and insulin were measured. Glucose and insulin area under the curve were higher overall in the sleep restriction trial compared with control (p < 0.001 and p = 0.033); however, no effect of day (p = 0.620 and p = 0.863) or interaction effect (p = 0.152 and p = 0.285) were observed. This supports previous literature showing a detrimental impact of sleep restriction on glucose regulation. The present findings, however, suggest the impairment in glycaemic control does not increase in a linear manner with an increasing number of nights of sleep restriction. This may have implications for the design of future studies examining sleep restriction and glycaemic control. Novelty: Four nights of sleep restriction impaired glycaemic control in healthy individuals, but did not do so in a linear manner. No effect of number of nights of restriction was found for glucose or insulin, which may have implications for future studies.

Adverse caregiving in early life: The trauma and deprivation distinction in young children.

Knowledge and understanding about the impact of cumulative adverse experiences on the health and wellbeing of children, adolescents, and adults has rapidly expanded over the past 30 years. Despite the invaluable attention and support this proliferation has drawn to the importance of early childhood experiences, we believe that it is time to move beyond broad indices of risk and toward more specific and individualized understanding of how risk exposures are linked to clinical outcomes in young children. Within infant and early childhood mental health, there is a need for greater specificity in linking adverse caregiving experiences in early life to psychopathology in children. We highlight a framework distinguishing experiences of trauma from experiences of deprivation and use the examples of posttraumatic stress disorder and reactive attachment disorder to demonstrate how greater specificity in our understanding of early adverse caregiving can lead to more accurate and targeted diagnosis and treatment for young children. Both researchers and clinicians benefit from an approach to gain a greater appreciation of the links between specific types of experiences and outcomes in the children that we serve.

El conocimiento y la comprensión acerca del impacto de experiencias adversas acumuladas sobre la salud y bienestar de los niños, adolescentes y adultos se ha expandido rápidamente durante los pasados 30 años. A pesar de la inestimable atención y apoyo que esta proliferación ha derivado con respecto a la importancia de las experiencias de la temprana niñez, creemos que es tiempo de pasar más allá de los amplios índices de riesgo hacia una comprensión más específica e individualizada de cómo el hecho de estar expuesto a riesgo se conecta con los resultados clínicos en niños pequeños. Dentro el camp de la salud mental infantil, hay una necesidad por mayor especificidad para conectar las adversas experiencias de prestación de cuidado en la temprana parte de la vida con la sicopatología en los niños. Enfatizamos un marco de trabajo que distingue las experiencias de trauma de las experiencias de privaciones y uso de ejemplos del trastorno de estrés postraumático y el trastorno reactivo de la vinculación para demostrar hasta qué punto la especificidad en nuestra comprensión del temprano cuidado adverso puede llevar a un diagnóstico y tratamiento más acertado y dirigido para los niños pequeños. Tanto los investigadores como el personal clínico se benefician de un acercamiento para obtener una mayor apreciación de os lazos entre tipos específicos y resultados en los niños a quienes les servimos.

Les connaissances et la compréhension sur l'impact d'une accumulation d'expériences adverses sur la santé et le bien-être des enfants, des adolescents et des adultes se sont rapidement étendues au fil des 30 dernières années. En dépit de l'attention précieuse et du soutien de cette prolifération qui ont montré l'importance des expériences de la petite enfance, nous pensons qu'il est temps de passer au-delà des indices généraux de risque pour désormais privilégier une compréhension plus spécifique et individualisée de la manière dont les expositions au risqué sont liées aux résultats cliniques chez les jeunes enfants. Au sein de la santé mentale du nourrisson, il est nécessaire d'avoir une plus grande spécificité dans le lien entre les expériences adverses de modes de soin au début de la vie à la psychopathologie chez les enfants. Nous mettons en lumière une structure qui distingue les expériences de trauma d'expériences de privation et utilisons les exemples du trouble de stress posttraumatique et du trouble de l'attachement réactif afin de démontrer la manière dont une plus grande spécificité dans notre compréhension peut mener à un diagnostic et à un traitement plus précis et plus ciblés pour les jeunes enfants. A la fois les chercheurs et les cliniciens bénéficient d'une approche qui nous fait gagner une plus grande appréciation des liens entre les types spécifiques d'expériences et les résultats chez les enfants que nous servons.

TFAP2A inhibits microRNA-126 expression at the transcriptional level and aggravates ischemic neuronal injury.

Neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia poses a serious health risk globally, and there is no effective clinical therapy. This study was performed to investigate the role of transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) in cerebral ischemia, and the underlying mechanisms, using an in-vitro model (PC-12 cells) of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and an in-vivo model (rat) of transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI). The results for CCK-8 and Hoechst staining showed that silencing of TFAP2A enhanced the viability and decreased the rate of apoptosis of PC12 cells subjected to OGD. ChIP assays were performed to evaluate the binding of TFAP2A to the promoter region of microRNA (miR)-126, and we found that TFAP2A inhibits the expression of miR-126. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that miR-126 targets polo like kinase 2 (PLK2), and that overexpression of PLK2 activates the IκBα-NF-κB signaling pathway and suppresses the growth of PC12 cells subjected to OGD. For our in-vivo assay, we used TTC staining to analyze the infarction area in the brain tissues of rats, and Nissl staining to evaluate the number of surviving brain neurons. The pathological conditions associated with neuronal injury in rat brain tissues were assessed by staining the tissues with hematoxylin-eosin. Our results indicate that TFAP2A downregulates miR-126, and thereby upregulates PLK2 and activates the IκBα-NF-κB pathway, which increased neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia.

[Respecting the religion or the spirituality of the elderly person with mental health issues]. / Respecter la religion ou la spiritualité de la personne âgée en souffrance mentale.

Mental health facilities, despite the evolution of recent decades, remain in part places in which patients are deprived of their liberty. For elderly people with mental health issues, spirituality and freedom of expression are even more legitimate. Religious tolerance is a challenge for caregivers, and a patient's request to practise their religion must be acknowledged. The provision of dedicated spaces and the presence of chaplains must favour the respect of cultural liberties.

Off-host survival of Eriophyoidea and remarks on their dispersal modes.

Dispersal of eriophyoid mites is crucial for the successful colonization of new plants. Literature suggests that their long-distance dispersal is through aerial transfer. During dispersal, eriophyoids might be captured in vapor or fine drops of water (perhaps most likely in clouds) where they might be protected against water loss and desiccation, but where they would have no food and be exposed to low temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Considerable resistance of these mites to these stressful environmental conditions is expected and has only partly been confirmed experimentally. The aim of the bioassays conducted here was to assess the survival of five eriophyoid species off their host plants, with poor oxygen availability under two temperature regimes. The bioassays were carried out on live mites dipped into two media used as microenvironments: (1) vaseline oil (used also as control treatment), and (2) water solution of Tween 80 (0.2%) and cycloheximide (50 mg/l). The bioassays were performed at 5 ± 1 and 25 ± 1 °C. The survival of mites was assessed weekly (5 °C) or daily (25 °C) by counting live and active specimens. The following species were subjected to the bioassays: Aceria caulobia (a stem gall mite), Aceria ficus (a vagrant mite), Cecidophyopsis hendersoni (a vagrant mite), Colomerus vitis (protogyne/male population and deutogyne morphs; a leaf gall mite) and Phytoptus avellanae (a bud gall mite). The survival rate of the mites was higher at 5 °C than at 25 °C under both experimental conditions. At 5 °C, the survival of almost all species was higher in the water solution (up to 6-7 weeks) than in vaseline oil (3-5 weeks). Longer survival was found for A. caulobia and P. avellanae (gall-making species) than for C. hendersoni and A. ficus (vagrant species). As expected, the deutogynes of C. vitis survived longer than its protogynes. The current results suggest that individuals of some of the tested species are well suited for withstanding cold, starvation and low oxygen rates, which could be found at higher atmospheric layers, within the clouds, allowing them an effective long-distance dispersal.

Objetos transicionais e o desenvolvimento da capacidade de incomodar / Transitional objects and developing the ability to trouble / Objetos transicionales y el desarrollo de la capacidad de molestar / Objets transitionnels et développement de la capacité d'incommoder

O objetivo do presente trabalho é sublinhar a relação histórica e conceitual entre a teoria dos fenômenos transicionais e a teoria da tendência antissocial, focalizando o uso pessoal e simbólico dos objetos inanimados. Winnicott (1956/2005) reconheceu que a deprivação, antes de ser o resultado de uma ruptura traumática do desenvolvimento emocional, é uma vivência corriqueira durante a maternagem e que o objeto transicional é indicador de que o bebê já alcançou, ou está em vias de alcançar, a capacidade de incomodar. Entretanto, quando traumática, a deprivação é seguida de um processo dissociativo em que o acesso à transicionalidade é, regressivamente, perdido e os objetos inanimados se tornam objetos impessoais. Uma reflexão decorrente desse tema é a do lugar dos objetos simbólicos e dos objetos impessoais em nosso cotidiano e seus efeitos no sofrimento psíquico da atualidade.

The objective of the present work is to emphasize the historical and conceptual relationship between the theory of transitional phenomena and the antisocial tendency theory, focusing on the personal and symbolic use of inanimate objects. Winnicott (1956/2005) acknowledged that deprivation, before being the result of a traumatic rupture of emotional development, is a common experience during mothering and that the transitional object is an indicator that the baby has already attained, or is about to reach, the ability to trouble. However, when traumatic, deprivation is followed by a dissociative process in which access to transitionality is regressively lost and inanimate objects become impersonal objects. A reflection derived from this theme is that of the place of the symbolic objects and the impersonal objects in our daily life and their effects in the psychic suffering of the present time.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es subrayar la relación histórica y conceptual entre la teoría de los fenómenos transicionales y la teoría de la tendencia antisocial, enfocando el uso personal y simbólico de los objetos inanimados. Winnicott (1956/2005) reconoció que la privación, antes de ser el resultado de una ruptura traumática del desarrollo emocional, es una vivencia ordinaria durante la maternidad y que el objeto transicional es un indicador de que el bebé ya alcanzó, o está en camino de alcanzar, la capacidad de incomodar. Sin embargo, cuando traumática, la privación es seguida de un proceso disociativo en que el acceso a la transicionalidad es, regresivamente, perdido y los objetos inanimados se vuelven objetos impersonales. Una reflexión resultante de este tema es la del lugar de los objetos simbólicos y de los objetos impersonales en nuestro cotidiano y sus efectos en el sufrimiento psíquico de la actualidad.

L'objectif de cette étude est de mettre l'accent sur la relation historique et conceptuelle entre la théorie de l'objet transitionnel et la théorie de la tendance antisociale, en se concentrant sur l'usage personnel et symbolique des objets matériels. Winnicott (1956/2005) a reconnu que la privation avant d'être le résultat d'une rupture traumatique du développement émotionnel est une expérience courante pour maternage et que l'objet transitionnel est un indicateur que le bébé a atteint, ou est sur le point d'atteindre, la capacité d'incommoder. Toutefois, lorsque la privation traumatique est suivie d'un processus dissociatif dans lequel l'accès à transitionnalité est en arrière, les objets inanimés deviennent des objets impersonnels. Une réflexion résultant de ce thème est le lieu des objets symboliques et des objets impersonnels dans notre vie quotidienne et ses effets sur la souffrance mentale d'aujourd'hui.

O olhar do agente educador sobre a constituição psíquica de crianças acolhidas / The view of the educating agent on the psychical constitution of hosted children / La mirada del agente educador sobre la constitución psíquica de niños acojidos / Le regard de l'éducateur sur la constitution psychique des enfants accueillis

Este estudo visa compreender, através do olhar de agentes educadores de instituições que acolhem crianças separadas de suas mães, como aquelas se constituem psiquicamente, tendo em vista a relevância da função materna para o desenvolvimento emocional do bebê. A partir da perspectiva dos agentes, refletimos sobre as possibilidades de desenvolvimento que cada criança encontra ao deparar-se privada da convivência com sua família de origem e acolhida em uma instituição. Assim, foram realizadas entrevistas com quatro profissionais que atuam diretamente no cuidado de bebês e crianças pequenas que se encontram em abrigos de Porto Alegre, e analisadas vinhetas de um caso clínico que impulsionou este escrito. A abordagem realizada possibilitou a compreensão de diversos fatores implicados na árdua tarefa do vir a ser enquanto sujeito no âmbito de uma instituição de acolhimento, enfatizando as possibilidades que irrompem quando consideramos um espaço para a escuta clínica. Percebemos, assim, que um vínculo calcado na confiança e na confiabilidade é possível, mas que, geralmente, encontra-se emaranhado por entre as dificuldades inerentes à função.

This study aims to understand, through the view of educating agents from institutions that host children separated from their mothers, as they are psychically constituted, considering the relevance of the maternal function for the emotional development of the baby. From the perspective of the agents, we reflect on the possibilities of development that each child finds when he is deprived of the coexistence with his family of origin and welcomed in an institution. Thus, interviews were conducted with four professionals who work directly in the care of infants and young children who are in shelters in Porto Alegre, and analyzed vignettes of a clinical case that drove this writing. The approach made possible the understanding of several factors involved in the arduous task of becoming a subject within a host institution, emphasizing the possibilities that emerge when we consider a space for clinical listening. We thus perceive that a bond based on trust and reliability is possible, but is usually entangled with the inherent difficulties of function.

Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de comprender, por medio de la mirada de agentes educadores de instituciones que acogen niños separados de sus madres, cómo aquellos se constituyen psíquicamente, teniendo en cuenta la relevancia de la función materna para el desarrollo emocional del bebé. A partir de la perspectiva de los agentes, reflexionamos sobre las posibilidades de desarrollo que cada niño encuentra al estar privado de la convivencia con su familia de origen y acogida en una institución. Fueron, realizadas encuestas con cuatro profesionales que actúan directamente en el cuidado de bebés y niño pequeños que se encuentran en refugios de Porto Alegre, y evaluadas viñetas de un caso clínico que impulsó este escrito. El enfoque realizado posibilitó el entendimiento de muchos factores implicados en la difícil tarea del venir a ser mientras sujeto en el marco de una institución de acogida, con enfoque en las posibilidades que surgen cuando consideramos un espacio para la escucha clínica. Percibimos que es posible un vínculo basado en la fiabilidad, pero que, en general, se encuentra liado entre las dificultades inherentes a la función.

Cette étude vise à comprendre, du point de vue des éducateurs qui travaillent chez des institutions accueillant des enfants séparés de leurs mères, comment les enfants constituent leur psyché si on rend compte de la pertinence de la fonction maternelle pour le développement affectif du bébé. À partir du regard des éducateurs, on réfléchit aux possibilités de développement que les enfants font face quand ils sont privés de cohabiter avec leurs familles d'origine et sont accueillis dans une institution. Ainsi, des entretiens ont été menés avec quatre professionnels qui travaillent directement dans les soins des bébés et des jeunes enfants accueillis dans un abri à Porto Alegre. On a aussi analysé des vignettes cliniques d'un cas clinique qui a donné l'origine à cet écrit. L'approche effectuée a permis la compréhension des plusieurs facteurs impliqués dans la difficile tâche d'être un Sujet dans un abri, en mettant en relief les possibilités qui éclatent quand on considère un espace pour l'écoute clinique. On a pu apercevoir, donc, qu'un lien fondé sur la confiance et sur la fiabilité est possible, mais, généralement on trouve des difficultés inhérentes à la fonction.

Silicon Promotes Growth of Brassica napus L. and Delays Leaf Senescence Induced by Nitrogen Starvation.

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in soil and has several beneficial effects, especially in plants subjected to stress conditions. However, the effect of Si in preventing nitrogen (N) starvation in plants is poorly documented. The aim of this work was to study the effect of a short Si supply duration (7 days) on growth, N uptake, photosynthetic activity, and leaf senescence progression in rapeseed subjected (or not) to N starvation. Our results showed that after 1 week of Si supply, Si improves biomass and increases N uptake and root expression of a nitrate transporter gene. After 12 days of N starvation, compared to -Si plants, mature leaf from +Si plants showed a high chlorophyll content, a maintain of net photosynthetic activity, a decrease of oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] and a significant delay in senescence. When N-deprived plants were resupplied with N, a greening again associated with an increase of photosynthetic activity was observed in mature leaves of plants pretreated with Si. Moreover, during the duration of N resupply, an increase of N uptake and nitrate transporter gene expression were observed in plants pretreated with Si. In conclusion, this study has shown a beneficial role of Si to alleviate damage associated with N starvation and more especially its role in delaying of leaf senescence.

[The use of social media modifies teenagers' sleep-related behavior]. / Nouveaux médias sociaux, nouveaux comportements de sommeil chez les adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Modification of sleep behaviors in teenagers has been observed over the past 30years with a reduction in overall sleep time and an increasing number of teenagers suffering from sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is linked to physical problems such as obesity but also to change in performance at school and mood disorders. Changes have been associated with the use of screens, cell phones, Internet and social media. Use of screens has been shown to delay sleep onset and melatonin secretion and stimulation of wake systems by interaction with social media may exacerbate these effects. The links between the use of social media and sleep patterns have not been fully explored. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of social media on teenagers' sleep and the impact of sleep deprivation. METHODOLOGY: As part of a sleep education program conducted in middle schools, teenagers from 6th to 9th grade were invited to complete an online questionnaire on sleep habits with teacher supervision and after parental consent. Outcome measures were sleep and wake times with estimated sleep duration in school (SP) and rest periods (RP), use of screens (computers, tablets, smartphones and video game consoles), the use of social media and impact on visual analogue scales of sleep quality, mood and daytime functioning. Students were divided into those with clear sleep deprivation (sleep time<6hours in SP) and those whose sleep time was in line with the National Sleep Foundations recommended sleep needs for teenagers (9hours or more). RESULTS: A total of 786 questionnaires were completed and 776 were exploitable. Four schools took part with 408/786 girls (64.2 %) and a mean age of 12.4±1.24. Internet access was almost universal (98.3 %), 85.2 % had cell phones and 42.7 % had a personal computer in their bedroom. Social media was used by 64.6 %. After dinner, 52.6 % spent more than an hour and 14.7 % spent more than 2hours in front of a screen. After bedtime, 51.7 % regularly used electronic devices of which 25.6 % had a screen-based activity (e.g. texts, social media, video games or television). During the night, some teens woke up to continue screen-based activities: 6.1 % in order to play online video games, 15.3 % to send texts and 11 % to use social media. Bedtimes were later in PR compared with PS (22h06±132 vs. 23h54±02; P<0.0001) as were wake times (7h06±36 vs. 10h06±102; P<0.0001). Sleep time was clearly longer in PR (10h12±126 P<0.0001) compared to PS. For students in 6th grade compared to 9th grade in sleep duration in SP decreased (8:55±90 vs. 7:25±93; P<0.0001), whereas sleep duration during RP was stable (10h08±118 vs. 10h08±90 P<0.029). No significant difference was found between girls and boys for sleep duration, sleep quality, performance during the day or mood. Sleep deprivation during the week (6hours or less) was less common in 6th graders 5 % vs. 15 % (P<0.0001). In sleep deprived teens compared to teens sleeping, the recommended ≥9hours, difficulties falling asleep were reported with 33 % vs. 9 % taking over an hour to fall asleep (P<0.0001) and difficulties getting up in the morning were more common (7.05±3.27 vs. 5.74±2.97; P=0.0003). Sleep deprivation had an effect on daytime performance: teenagers deprived of sleep were more likely to report a need to fight sleepiness, (5.93±3.24 vs. 2.84±2.44 P<0.0001) and had reduced energy during the day (6.21±2.86 vs. 7.77±2.07 P<0.0001). A negative effect on mood was evident: in sleep, deprived teenagers irritability (5.28±3.12 vs. 3.30±2.34; P<0.0001) and feelings of sadness (3.97±2.99 vs. 2.59±2.15; P=0.003) were more common. There was a clear association between sleep deprivation and access to screens and social media: sleep deprived teens were at more risk of nocturnal disruption with a higher prevalence of computers (67 % vs. 33 %; P<0.0001), cell phones (99 % vs. 80 %; P=0.0001) and smart phones (85 % vs. 66 %; P=0.0001) in their bedrooms. CONCLUSIONS: Access to social media and especially a cell phone in teenagers' bedrooms is associated with a reduction in sleep time during the school week with negative effects on daily functioning and mood which increases with increasing age. Education about use of social media and sleep for teenagers needs to start early as modifications in sleep and evening use of screens was present on our population from 11years on and to involve parents as setting parent controlled bedtimes has been shown to increase teenage sleep time.

[From constraint to containment through the nursing link]. / De la contention à la contenance par le lien soignant.

The implementation of a sufficiently strict, adapted care setting provides constructive support for a move away from isolation and restraint towards new spaces of freedom. The account of the evolutive management of a patient by a nursing team in Bourg-en-Bresse, presents possible therapeutic strategies.

Increased photosensitivity following short sleep in sleep deprived patients.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the effect of short day-time sleep on photoparoxysmal epileptic activity in sleep-deprived patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed video-EEG recordings performed between 2003 and 2015. All recordings following at least four hours of sleep deprivation, including intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) both before and after sleep with any form of epileptiform activity were included. The study group was divided into four subgroups: (1) no photoparoxysmal response (PPR) group, with epileptiform activities other than PPRs; (2) increment group, with PPR duration increased by ≥200% after vs. before sleep; (3) no significant change group, with PPR duration increased between 50% and 200% after vs. before sleep; (4) decrement group, with PPR duration increased ≤50% after vs. before sleep. RESULTS: A total number of 5805 EEG recordings from 459 patients was analyzed. Photosensitivity was present in 98 patients (21.4%). The PPRs after sleep were increased in 70% of the photosensitive patients, did not change in 23%, and were decreased in 7%. The increase in duration of PPRs was statistically significant (P<0.001). In our cohort, photosensitivity would have been detected in 67 patients if IPS was applied only before sleep and in 91 patients if IPS was applied only after awakening (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that photosensitivity is enhanced after awakening from a short sleep following sleep deprivation. Thus, we recommend performing IPS after awakening to increase sensitivity to detect photoparoxysmal epileptiform discharges.

Privação e delinquência: caminhos e descaminhos da esperança. Uma contribuição psicanalítica para políticos e cidadãos brasileiros / Privation and delinquency: pointers to hope and hopelessness - a psychoanalytical contribution for Brazilian politicians and citizens

O autor analisa a energia a ser investida e a resistência a ser vencida para a realização de transformações criativas na constituição da subjetividade brasileira. Sugere que a democracia brasileira tem muito a evoluir para se tornar uma democracia responsável dentro de direitos e deveres a serem respeitados por todos. Ela está dominada pela impunidade e conchavos de grupos poderosos preocupados em manter o poder e a se locupletar com o dinheiro público. Não é uma questão partidária mas de mentalidade na qual estamos todos mergulhados. "Tudo começa em casa", no espaço da família ou em seus equivalentes sociais em que são geradas condições fundamentais e fundantes para o desenvolvimento de um self integrado, coeso e criativo. Processos dependentes dos vínculos afetivos, das funções parentais de continência e de ações criativas que enriqueçam as atividades simbólicas individuais e coletivas. A tendência antissocial decorre da falta de apego, de desvios nos investimentos afetivos, das carências que castigam precocemente a alma do sujeito durante o seu desenvolvimento social, cognitivo e afetivo. A esperança surge no encontro de pais morais e éticos que ofereçam acolhimento, direcionamentos e condições de desenvolvimento das potencialidades criativas na busca de realizações e de prazeres pessoais e coletivos.

The paper analyses the energy to be invested and the resistance to be overcome in order to achieve creative transformations in the constitution of Brazilian subjectivity. It suggests that Brazilian society must evolve a great deal to become a responsible democracy with rights and obligations respected by all. At present it is dominated by impunity and collusion among elite groups and vested interests eager to hold on to power and enrich themselves at the taxpayer's expense. This is not a party-political problem but a mindset shared by all members of society. "Home is where we start from" in the family or its social equivalents, where fundamental and founding conditions are created for the development of an integrated, coherent and creative self. The processes concerned depend on affective bonds, parental containment, and creative actions to enrich individual and collective symbolic activities. Antisocial tendencies derive from disorganized patterns of attachment, deviations in affective investment, and deficiencies that inflict premature suffering on subjects during their social, cognitive and effective development. Hope arises from moral and ethical parents who offer responsiveness, receptivity, direction, and conditions for the development of creative potential in the pursuit of realization as well as personal and collective pleasure.